Teleaudiologia: a contribuição do acesso remoto nos casos de implante coclear - uma revisão sistemática / Teleaudiology: the contribution of remote access in cases of cochlear implant ­ a systematic review / Teleaudiología: la contribución del acceso remoto en casos de implante coclear: una revisión sistemática

Introdução: A teleconsulta pode ser benéfica em diversos aspectos: social, econômico, terapêutico e normativo. Na audiologia, a realização da teleconsulta vem sendo bastante estudada em alguns serviços, principalmente, na programação remota de usuários de Implante Coclear. Objetivo: Investigar a aplicabilidade, vantagens e desvantagens da teleconsulta em audiologia para os usuários de Implante Coclear. Método: Trata-se de pesquisa de revisão sistemática em que foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados sem limitação de ano. Foram selecionados e incluídos, somente estudos de intervenção não randomizados, estudos descritivos e estudo de caso. Para leitura na íntegra, foram avaliados os procedimentos de aplicabilidade da teleconsulta, descrição dos pontos positivos pelos pacientes, profissional ou entre profissional e paciente, além da descrição de suas desvantagens. Resultados: Foram incluídos quatorze estudos, da língua inglesa e português do Brasil. Foram encontrados estudos de seguimento remoto nos seguintes casos: mapeamento, testes de fala (mensurações de níveis T e C), técnicas e configuração de plataformas remotas e orientações fonoaudiólogicas. Conclusão: Há diversas maneiras que possibilitam o sucesso do Implante Coclear na teleconsulta como mapeamento, orientações e terapia. Os usuários referiram benefícios e satisfação como redução de custos entre outros. Os facilitadores referiram contribuição em sua atuação profissional como reabilitador, e especialistas sentiram-se seguros ao realizarem os procedimentos de mapeamento. As desvantagens foram: atraso na conexão, atraso do estímulo e, consequentemente, atraso nas sessões, longo tempo de reverberação do estímulo auditivo.

Introduction: Teleconsultation can be beneficial in several aspects: social, economic, therapeutic and normative. In audiology, teleconsultation has been extensively studied in some services, mainly in the remote programming of Cochlear Implant users. Objective: Investigate the applicability, advantages and disadvantages of teleconsultation in audiology for users of Cochlear Implants. Method: This is a systematic review survey in which databases were searched without limitation of year. Only non-randomized intervention studies, descriptive studies and case study were selected and included. For reading in full, the procedures of applicability of the teleconsultation, description of the positive points by the patients, professional or between professional and patient, in addition to the description of their disadvantages, were evaluated. Results: Fourteen studies, of English and Brazilian Portuguese, were included. Remote follow-up studies were found in the following cases: mapping, speech tests (measurements of levels T and C), techniques and configuration of remote platforms and speech and language guidance. Conclusion: There are several ways that make Cochlear Implant successful in teleconsultation such as mapping, guidance and therapy. Users mentioned benefits and satisfaction as cost savings, among others. The facilitators reported their contribution to their professional performance as a rehabilitator, and specialists felt safe when carrying out the mapping procedures. The disadvantages were: delayed connection, delayed stimulus and, consequently, delayed sessions, long reverberation time of the auditory stimulus.

Introducción: La teleconsulta puede ser beneficiosa en varios aspectos: social, económico, terapéutico y normativo. En audiología, la teleconsulta se ha estudiado ampliamente en algunos servicios, principalmente en la programación remota de usuarios de implantes cocleares. Objetivo: Investigar la aplicabilidad, ventajas y desventajas de la teleconsulta en audiología para usuarios de implantes cocleares. Método: Ésta es una encuesta de revisión sistemática en la que se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos sin limitación de año. Solo se seleccionaron e incluyeron estudios de intervención no aleatorios, estudios descriptivos y estudios de casos. Para la lectura completa, se evaluaron los procedimientos de aplicabilidad de la teleconsulta, descripción de los puntos positivos por parte de los pacientes, profesional o entre profesional y paciente, además de la descripción de sus desventajas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 14 estudios de inglés y portugués brasileño. Se encontraron estudios de seguimiento a distancia en los siguientes casos: mapeo, pruebas de habla (mediciones de niveles T y C), técnicas y configuración de plataformas remotas y guía de habla y lenguaje. Conclusión: Hay varias formas de hacer que el Implante Coclear tenga éxito en la teleconsulta, como mapeo, orientación y terapia. Los facilitadores informaron su contribución a su desempeño profesional como rehabilitador y los especialistas se sintieron seguros al realizar los procedimientos de mapeo. Las desventajas fueron: conexión retardada, estímulo retardado y, en consecuencia, sesiones retardadas, tiempo de reverberación prolongado del estímulo auditivo.

Hearing Rehabilitation through Bone-Conducted Sound Stimulation: Preliminary Results

Abstract Introduction The bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) is a bone conduction system that transmits the sound directly to the inner ear by surpassing the skin impedance and the subcutaneous tissue. It is indicated for patients with mixed, conductive and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss who did not benefit from conventional hearing aids (HAs). Although the benefits from BAHA are well demonstrated internationally, this field still lacks studies in Brazil. Objective To assess the auditory rehabilitation process in BAHA users through audiological, speech perception and tinnitus aspects. Methods Individuals with hearing loss were assessed before and after the implantation. The participants were subjected to pure tone audiometry in free field, functional gain audiometry, speech perception tests, tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) in open format, and to the visual analog scale (VAS). Results It was found that the participants benefited from the use of BAHA. The difference in the performance of the participants before and after the BAHA surgery was significant in terms of hearing acuity. There was no statistically significant difference in the speech perception tests. The tinnitus assessment showed that 80% of the participants scored slight tinnitus severity in THI after using a BAHA. Eighty percent of the participants classified their tinnitus as absent tomild in the VAS after the surgery. Conclusion Based on the results of the current study, we can conclude that the participants improved both the auditory perception and the tinnitus handicap. (AU)

Hearing Rehabilitation through Bone-Conducted Sound Stimulation: Preliminary Results.

Introduction The bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) is a bone conduction system that transmits the sound directly to the inner ear by surpassing the skin impedance and the subcutaneous tissue. It is indicated for patients with mixed, conductive and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss who did not benefit from conventional hearing aids (HAs). Although the benefits from BAHA are well demonstrated internationally, this field still lacks studies in Brazil. Objective To assess the auditory rehabilitation process in BAHA users through audiological, speech perception and tinnitus aspects. Methods Individuals with hearing loss were assessed before and after the implantation. The participants were subjected to pure tone audiometry in free field, functional gain audiometry, speech perception tests, tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) in open format, and to the visual analog scale (VAS). Results It was found that the participants benefited from the use of BAHA. The difference in the performance of the participants before and after the BAHA surgery was significant in terms of hearing acuity. There was no statistically significant difference in the speech perception tests. The tinnitus assessment showed that 80% of the participants scored slight tinnitus severity in THI after using a BAHA. Eighty percent of the participants classified their tinnitus as absent to mild in the VAS after the surgery. Conclusion Based on the results of the current study, we can conclude that the participants improved both the auditory perception and the tinnitus handicap.

Intratympanic corticosteroid for sudden hearing loss: does it really work? / Corticosteroide intratimpânico para perda súbita da audição: isso realmente funciona?

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Sudden deafness is characterized by an abrupt hearing loss of at least 30 dB in three sequential frequencies in the standard pure tone audiogram over three days or less. Treatment is based on its etiology, and oral corticosteroids are widely used. Intratympanic corticosteroids are included as primary or secondary treatment when there is no improvement with the use of oral corticosteroids. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of therapy with intratympanic steroids in sudden deafness. METHODS: A systematic review was performed of publications on the topic in the databases of PubMed/MEDLINE, with the keywords: sudden deafness, sudden hearing loss, and corticosteroids. RESULTS: Thirty scientific studies were analyzed. As to the objectives of the study analyzed, 76.7% sought to evaluate the use of intratympanic therapy salvage after failure to conventional treatment, and intratympanic therapy was used as the primary treatment 23.3% of the studies. CONCLUSION: Intratympanic corticosteroid therapy is prescribed primarily when there is failure of conventional therapy and when it is limited to use systemic corticosteroids, such as the diabetic patient.

Resumo Introdução: A surdez súbita é caracterizada por uma perda abrupta da audição de pelo menos 30 dB em três frequências sequenciadas no audiograma tonal de rotina ao longo de três dias, oumenos. O tratamento é fundamentado em sua etiologia e corticosteroides orais são amplamenteutilizados. A terapia com corticosteroide intratimpânico foi incluída como tratamento primárioou secundário nos casos em que não houve melhora com o uso de corticosteroides orais. Objetivo: Determinar a eficácia da terapia intratimpânica com esteroides em casos de surdez súbita. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática das publicações sobre o tópico no banco dedados Pubmed/Medline, com as palavras-chave: surdez súbita, perda súbita da audição e corticosteroides. Resultados: Foram analisados 30 estudos científicos. Com relação aos objetivos dos estudos analisados, 76,7% procuravam avaliar o uso da terapia intratimpânica em seguida ao insucesso com o tratamento convencional; a terapia intratimpânica foi empregada como tratamento primário em 23,3% dos estudos. Conclusão: A terapia com corticosteroide intratimpânico é prescrita primariamente nos casos de insucesso com a terapia convencional e quando há limitação para o uso de corticosteroides sistêmicos, como ocorre com o paciente diabético.

Analysis of electrically evoked compound action potential of the auditory nerve in children with bilateral cochlear implants / Análise do potencial de ação composto do nervo auditivo evocado eletricamente em crianças usuárias de implante coclear bilateral

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The cochlear implant device has the capacity to measure the electrically evoked compound action potential of the auditory nerve. The neural response telemetry is used in order to measure the electrically evoked compound action potential of the auditory nerve. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the electrically evoked compound action potential, through the neural response telemetry, in children with bilateral cochlear implants. METHODS: This is an analytical, prospective, longitudinal, historical cohort study. Six children, aged 1-4 years, with bilateral cochlear implant were assessed at five different intervals during their first year of cochlear implant use. RESULTS: There were significant differences in follow-up time (p = 0.0082) and electrode position (p = 0.0019) in the T-NRT measure. There was a significant difference in the interaction between time of follow-up and electrode position (p = 0.0143) when measuring the N1-P1 wave amplitude between the three electrodes at each time of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The electrically evoked compound action potential measurement using neural response telemetry in children with bilateral cochlear implants during the first year of follow-up was effective in demonstrating the synchronized bilateral development of the peripheral auditory pathways in the studied population.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: O implante coclear tem a capacidade de medir o potencial de ação composto eletricamente evocado do nervo auditivo (ECAP). Para esta verificação utiliza-se uma medida chamada telemetria de respostas neurais. OBJETIVO: Analisar o potencial de ação composto evocado eletricamente, por meio da neurotelemetria de respostas neurais, em crianças usuárias de implante coclear bilateral. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo analítico, prospectivo, de coorte histórica longitudinal. Foram recrutadas seis crianças, com idades entre de 1-4 anos, usuárias de implante coclear bilateral. Estas crianças foram avaliadas em cinco momentos durante o primeiro ano de uso do implante coclear. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa no tempo de acompanhamento (p = 0,0082) e posição do eletrodo (p = 0,0019) na medida de T-NRT. Houve diferença significativa na interação entre tempo de acompanhamento e posição do eletrodo (p = 0,0143) na medida da amplitude das ondas N1-P1 entre os três eletrodos a cada tempo de acompanhamento. CONCLUSÃO: A mensuração do ECAP por meio da NRT nas crianças com implante coclear bilateral durante o primeiro ano de acompanhamento foi uma medida importante para apresentar o desenvolvimento bilateral da via auditiva periférica de forma sincronizada nesta população estudada.

Intratympanic corticosteroid for sudden hearing loss: does it really work?

INTRODUCTION: Sudden deafness is characterized by an abrupt hearing loss of at least 30dB in three sequential frequencies in the standard pure tone audiogram over three days or less. Treatment is based on its etiology, and oral corticosteroids are widely used. Intratympanic corticosteroids are included as primary or secondary treatment when there is no improvement with the use of oral corticosteroids. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of therapy with intratympanic steroids in sudden deafness. METHODS: A systematic review was performed of publications on the topic in the databases of PubMed/MEDLINE, with the keywords: sudden deafness, sudden hearing loss, and corticosteroids. RESULTS: Thirty scientific studies were analyzed. As to the objectives of the study analyzed, 76.7% sought to evaluate the use of intratympanic therapy salvage after failure to conventional treatment, and intratympanic therapy was used as the primary treatment 23.3% of the studies. CONCLUSION: Intratympanic corticosteroid therapy is prescribed primarily when there is failure of conventional therapy and when it is limited to use systemic corticosteroids, such as the diabetic patient.

Analysis of electrically evoked compound action potential of the auditory nerve in children with bilateral cochlear implants.

INTRODUCTION: The cochlear implant device has the capacity to measure the electrically evoked compound action potential of the auditory nerve. The neural response telemetry is used in order to measure the electrically evoked compound action potential of the auditory nerve. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the electrically evoked compound action potential, through the neural response telemetry, in children with bilateral cochlear implants. METHODS: This is an analytical, prospective, longitudinal, historical cohort study. Six children, aged 1-4 years, with bilateral cochlear implant were assessed at five different intervals during their first year of cochlear implant use. RESULTS: There were significant differences in follow-up time (p=0.0082) and electrode position (p=0.0019) in the T-NRT measure. There was a significant difference in the interaction between time of follow-up and electrode position (p=0.0143) when measuring the N1-P1 wave amplitude between the three electrodes at each time of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The electrically evoked compound action potential measurement using neural response telemetry in children with bilateral cochlear implants during the first year of follow-up was effective in demonstrating the synchronized bilateral development of the peripheral auditory pathways in the studied population.

Caffeine effect in vestibular system.

INTRODUCTION: Caffeine benefits and harms in health is a very controversial subject for a scientific research. METHODS: This is a systematic literature using PubMed database linking caffeine with the following keywords: 'vestibular', 'vertigo', 'vestibular function', 'caloric tests' e 'electronystagmography". RESULTS: Thirty articles were found and ten were analyzed for fulfill the inclusion criteria. These ten articles were grouped and then a separated in four groups, according to the approach. CONCLUSION: There is a need of further randomized and controlled studies to understand the vestibular system.

Vestibular evoked myogenic potential: its use in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

INTRODUCTION: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SHL) has uncertain origin and evolution. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) estimates of the vestibular pathway that can not be analyzed by the other entrance examinations, which can be helpful in diagnosing the extent of hearing damage in these patients. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical applicability of VEMP in patients with SHL. METHODS: This is a systematic review. Searches were conducted in the databases PubMed/Medline, SciELO and LILACS. Data were tabulated. RESULTS: We found 45 articles, 15 of these made up the study by fitting either the inclusion factors. The objective of 60% of the studies was to determine whether the VEMP can be used as predictive hearing recovery Conclusion: VEMP may be useful as hearing recovery predictor in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss, justifying the implementation of such examination in this population.

Inibidores da fosfodiesterase do tipo 5 e perda auditiva neurossensorial subita / Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors and sudden sensorineural hearing loss

O uso de inibidores da fosfodiesterase do tipo 5 como sildenafil, vardenafil e tadalafil tem aumentado atualmente e alguns destes pacientes vêm apresentando perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita. OBJETIVO: Apresentar dois casos de pacientes que apresentaram surdez súbita em uso eventual do medicamento e revisar estudos sobre o uso de inibidores da fosfodiesterase do tipo 5 e surdez súbita. MÉTODO: Estudo analítico de dois casos e revisão sobre o tema no banco de dados da Pubmed/ MedLine e Bireme utilizando as palavras-chave inibidores da fosfodiesterase e surdez súbita e seus correlatos na língua inglesa. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes analisados são jovens, sem comorbidades, em uso de inibidores da fosfodiesterase do tipo 5 e após terapia combinada para o tratamento da surdez súbita, apenas um deles obteve melhora auditiva. Nove estudos científicos foram encontrados. Estudos pré-clínicos e clínicos, transversais e prospectivos foram revisados. CONCLUSÃO: O aumento da ocorrência na prática clínica e relatos científicos na literatura sugerem que o uso de inibidores da fosfodiesterase do tipo 5 seja encarado como fator de risco para surdez súbita. Novos estudos com amostras maiores e grupo controle são necessários para investigar esta associação. .

Phosphodiesterase type 5 Inhibitors, such as sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil have been increasingly used today and some of the users have developed sudden sensorineural hearing loss. OBJECTIVE: To present two patients with sudden deafness developed after an occasional use of the drug and review studies on the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and sudden hearing loss. METHOD: Analytical study of two cases and review of the subject matter in the Pubmed/Medline and Bireme databases using the keywords: phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and sudden deafness and its correlates in the English language. RESULTS: The patients analyzed are young without additional disorders, using phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, and after combination treatment for sudden hearing loss only one had hearing improvement. We found nine scientific studies and reviewed preclinical studies, clinical trials, prospective and cross-sectional investigations. CONCLUSION: Increased occurrence in clinical practice and scientific reports in the literature suggest that the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are considered a risk factor for sudden deafness. Further studies with larger samples and control groups are needed for better assessing this association. .

Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

UNLABELLED: Phosphodiesterase type 5 Inhibitors, such as sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil have been increasingly used today and some of the users have developed sudden sensorineural hearing loss. OBJECTIVE: To present two patients with sudden deafness developed after an occasional use of the drug and review studies on the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and sudden hearing loss. METHOD: Analytical study of two cases and review of the subject matter in the Pubmed/Medline and Bireme databases using the keywords: phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and sudden deafness and its correlates in the English language. RESULTS: The patients analyzed are young without additional disorders, using phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, and after combination treatment for sudden hearing loss only one had hearing improvement. We found nine scientific studies and reviewed preclinical studies, clinical trials, prospective and cross-sectional investigations. CONCLUSION: Increased occurrence in clinical practice and scientific reports in the literature suggest that the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are considered a risk factor for sudden deafness. Further studies with larger samples and control groups are needed for better assessing this association.

Intratympanic corticotherapy and tinnitus control after sudden hearing loss.

INTRODUCTION: Sudden deafness is characterized by an abrupt onset, often idiopathic and tinnitus is present, and becomes the main complaint in up to 80% of patients. OBJECTIVE: To review carefully all studies of the past 10 years on sudden deafness and tinnitus and analyze the effectiveness of oral and intratympanic steroids for tinnitus control in eight patients with sudden deafness and severe disabling tinnitus. METHOD: An analytical prospective in which 64 patients after sudden deafness with tinnitus were monitored and 08 of these suffering with severe disabling tinnitus underwent hearing evaluation and application of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and Visual Analogue Scale before, during and after sudden deafness treated with oral and intratympanic steroids. It was made a systematic review of publications on the topic in the library of PubMed/MedLine, keywords: Sudden deafness and tinnitus. RESULTS: Eleven scientific studies were analyzed. Eight patients treated with intratympanic and oral corticosteroids were selected, just two patients showed improvement over the hearing but seven of them showed big improvement in their tinnitus, which was demonstrated by an improvement in the values of the degrees of severity of tinnitus. CONCLUSION: Patients with sudden deafness and severe disabling tinnitus, and underwent intratympanic and oral corticosteroids showed, in this study, significant reduction and/or remission of tinnitus.

Auditory neuropathy spectrum: the importance of adequate diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of misdiagnosis of the hearing impaired children, in order to investigate the existence of Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder. METHODS: Analytical, prospective study conducted with 15 participants (30 ears) aged 10-12 years, with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, attending a Hearing Rehabilitation Center, accompanied by a multidisciplinary team with otolaryngologist, audiologist, psychologist, teacher and social worker. The participants underwent ENT examination and audiological assessment: tympanometry, acoustic reflexes, otoacoustic emissions test and Auditory Evoked response. RESULTS: From the total sample (30 ears), 8 ears (26.7%) presented absent responses in the Auditory Evoked response with the presence of cochlear microphonism. Within the selected eight ears, six (75%) showed presence of otoacoustic emissions test in isolated frequencies and two (25%) ears had otoacoustic emissions test even in the presence of the isolated frequencies. It was found that 26.7% of the ears tested presented results that are compatible with Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder. CONCLUSION: The results of this study have identified characteristics related to ANSD in 26.7% of ears tested, 6 participants with age over 10 years old, showing that misdiagnosis in hearing loss patients is still very frequent.

Caracterizando e correlacionando dislexia do desenvolvimento e processamento auditivo / Characterization and correlation of developmental dyslexia and auditory processing

Para um adequado diagnóstico e intervenção terapêutica, é fundamental que se conheçam as alterações de comunicação e suas correlações. Desta forma, o psicopedagogo pode se utilizar de instrumentos para uma intervenção adequada no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento da linguagem moral e escrita. Pode-se considerar que, no que diz respeito às características, a dislexia emerge normalmente nos momentos iniciais da aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita, usualmente não antes do final da primeira ou segunda série. Contudo, pesquisadores como Estill (2005) e Pennington (1997) referem que precursores da dislexia estão presentes antes da idade escolar. Quanto às alterações do processamento auditivo, estas podem estar contidas em quadros de distúrbios de linguagem, piorando o desempenho de indivíduos em tarefas de compreensão do som que requeiram habilidades auditivas. Tais alterações podem atuar como causa das dificuldades de linguagem que ocorrem quando o indivíduo falha ao receber ou resgatar, pela via da audição, o que foi ouvido (Pereira, 1996). A presente pesquisa pretendeu oferecer a definição de dislexia de desenvolvimento, sua etiologia, incidência, características e intervenção, bem como a definição de processamento auditivo, seus métodos de avaliação, características e correlação com a dislexia do desenvolvimento. A partir dessa revisão da literatura, pretende-se oferecer suporte teórico para o psicopedagogo e profissionais de áreas afins intervirem de forma eficaz ao se depararem com um indivíduo que apresenta de forma associada a dislexia do desenvolvimento e a desordem do processamento auditivo. (AU)

For an appropriate diagnosis and therapeutic intervention, is fundamental to know the communication impairments and its relations. Therefore, the psychopedagoge may employ some tools for an appropriate intervention in developing the oral and written language. It may be considered that, about its characteristics, the dyslexia arises usually at the beginning of reading and written learning, but not before the first or second degrees. Besides, researchers as Estill (2005); Pennington (1997) say that dyslexia forerunners are present before school age. About the hearing process impairments, these may happen in language disturb, getting worse the performance of individuals, in sound comprehension tasks, which demands hearing skills. Such impairments may act as a cause to language difficulties that occur when an individual fails in receiving or recover, by hearing way, what was heard (Pereira, 1996). The aim of this research is to offer a definition for developmental dyslexia, its etiology, incidence, characteristics and intervention as well as a definition for auditory processing, its evaluation methods, characteristics and correlation whith developmental dyslexia. Since this research, it is intended to offer tools to the psycopedagoge in order to interpose efficiently when facing a learner who shows associated developmental dyslexia and auditory processing impairment. (AU)

Caracterizando e correlacionando dislexia do desenvolvimento e processamento auditivo / Characterization and correlation of developmental dyslexia and auditory processing

Para um adequado diagnóstico e intervenção terapêutica, é fundamental que se conheçam as alterações de comunicação e suas correlações. Desta forma, o psicopedagogo pode se utilizar de instrumentos para uma intervenção adequada no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento da linguagem moral e escrita. Pode-se considerar que, no que diz respeito às características, a dislexia emerge normalmente nos momentos iniciais da aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita, usualmente não antes do final da primeira ou segunda série. Contudo, pesquisadores como Estill (2005) e Pennington (1997) referem que precursores da dislexia estão presentes antes da idade escolar. Quanto às alterações do processamento auditivo, estas podem estar contidas em quadros de distúrbios de linguagem, piorando o desempenho de indivíduos em tarefas de compreensão do som que requeiram habilidades auditivas. Tais alterações podem atuar como causa das dificuldades de linguagem que ocorrem quando o indivíduo falha ao receber ou resgatar, pela via da audição, o que foi ouvido (Pereira, 1996). A presente pesquisa pretendeu oferecer a definição de dislexia de desenvolvimento, sua etiologia, incidência, características e intervenção, bem como a definição de processamento auditivo, seus métodos de avaliação, características e correlação com a dislexia do desenvolvimento. A partir dessa revisão da literatura, pretende-se oferecer suporte teórico para o psicopedagogo e profissionais de áreas afins intervirem de forma eficaz ao se depararem com um indivíduo que apresenta de forma associada a dislexia do desenvolvimento e a desordem do processamento auditivo.

For an appropriate diagnosis and therapeutic intervention, is fundamental to know the communication impairments and its relations. Therefore, the psychopedagoge may employ some tools for an appropriate intervention in developing the oral and written language. It may be considered that, about its characteristics, the dyslexia arises usually at the beginning of reading and written learning, but not before the first or second degrees. Besides, researchers as Estill (2005); Pennington (1997) say that dyslexia forerunners are present before school age. About the hearing process impairments, these may happen in language disturb, getting worse the performance of individuals, in sound comprehension tasks, which demands hearing skills. Such impairments may act as a cause to language difficulties that occur when an individual fails in receiving or recover, by hearing way, what was heard (Pereira, 1996). The aim of this research is to offer a definition for developmental dyslexia, its etiology, incidence, characteristics and intervention as well as a definition for auditory processing, its evaluation methods, characteristics and correlation whith developmental dyslexia. Since this research, it is intended to offer tools to the psycopedagoge in order to interpose efficiently when facing a learner who shows associated developmental dyslexia and auditory processing impairment.